Main Content
Lembaga Kita Journal Portal

Abstract

This study analyzes the level of concentration and market structure of the global nickel industry over the 2014–2023 period using a descriptive quantitative approach by calculating the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) based on global nickel export and import data (HS 7501) sourced from TradeMap. The results indicate that the global nickel market exhibits an oligopolistic–oligopsonistic structure, characterized by the dominance of a small number of countries. The export HHI increased to 3,021 in 2023, while the import HHI reached 3,347 in the same year, confirming a strengthening concentration of market power on both the supply and demand sides. Indonesia’s dominance as the main supplier and China’s position as the largest consumer reinforce market centralization and increase the sensitivity of nickel trade to industrial policies and geopolitical dynamics. These findings are consistent with international trade theory, which emphasizes the role of market structure in shaping trade patterns of strategic commodities, and they support the Structure–Conduct–Performance (SCP) framework that explains the linkage between concentrated market structures and the strategic behavior of dominant actors. This study underscores the importance of supply diversification and strengthened international trade cooperation to mitigate dependency risks in the global nickel industry.

Keywords

Market Concentration HHI Global Nickel Market Structure

How to Cite

Citation Format
Hendrartono, D. R., Hendrati, I. M., & Wardaya, W. (2026). Analisis Konsentrasi dan Struktur Pasar Industri Nikel Global. Jurnal EMT KITA, 10(3), 1768-1778. https://doi.org/10.35870/emt.v10i3.6298

References

14 References
  • Arfawi Kurdhi, N., Fatmayati, A., Puspitaloka Mahadewi, E., Yoseva, D., Gede Bayu Wijaya, I., Juliansyah, R., March Syahadat, R., Abbas, A., Sapta Putra, S., Hidayatullah, D., Teruna Awaludin, D., Puryandani, S., Karmila, N., & Permatasari, M. (2023). Teori ekonomi industri (A. Masruroh, Ed.). Widina Media Utama.
  • Arliand, G. (2025). Analisis Kebijakan Indonesia dalam mendukung Industri Nikel pada Jaringan Produksi Global Tahun 2020–2024 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam Indonesia).
  • Baffes, J., Kabundi, A., Koh, W. C., Nagle, P., Ohnsorge, F., Vasishtha, G., Yamazaki, T., & Zahid, H. (2022). Commodity markets evolution, challenges, and policies (J. Baffes & P. Nagle, Eds.). The World Bank Group.
  • Barizi, M. H., & Triarda, R. (2023). Rantai Pasokan Global Dan Nasionalisme Sumber Daya Alam: Kajian Terkait Hilirisasi Nikel Di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 7(2), 312-338. https://doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v7i2.466.
  • Başyiğit, M., & Uzun Kart, E. (2022). Analysis of Turkey’s base metal ore exports by Herfindahl Hirschman concentration index. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.30855/gmbd.0705007.
  • Hendrati, I. M., Esquivias, M. A., Perdana, P., Yuhertiana, I., & Rusdiyanto, R. (2024). US-China trade war on ASEAN region: Oligopoly or systemic market structure? Cogent Business and Management, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2306686.
  • Hendrati, I. M., Heriqbaldi, U., Esquivias, M. A., Setyorani, B., & Jayanti, A. D. (2023). Propagation of economic shocks from the United States, China, the European Union, and Japan to selected Asian economies: Does the global value chain matter? International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13789.
  • Purba, B., Purba, D. S., Purba, P. B., Nainggolan, P., Susanti, E., Damanik, D., Parinduri, L., Lie, D., Fajrillah, Rahman, A., Basmar, E., & Sudarmanto, E. (2021). Ekonomi internasional (R. Wartrianthos & J. Simarmata, Eds.). Yayasan Kita Menulis.
  • Rosada, F., Wibisana, R. A. A., & Paksi, A. K. (2023). The impact of Indonesia-China nickel cooperations on Indonesia’s economy and environment. Nation State: Journal of International Studies, 6(2), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.24076/nsjis.v6i2.1270.
  • Siregar, R. T., Rahmadana, M. F., Purba, B., Nainggolan, L. E., Sudarmanto, E., Nainggolan, P., Basmar, E., & Siagian, V. (2021). Ekonomi industri (R. Watrianthos & J. Simarmata, Eds.). Yayasan Kita Menulis.
  • Specker, A., Gilli, R. S., Francesco, D., Manoochehri, S., Zoboli, R., Marin, G., Tagliapietra, S., Jensen, P., & Vidal, B. (2024). Environmental impact of material supply chain disruptions.
  • Sunardi, D., Khuan, H., Muhari, M. D. A., Kalalo, R. R., Sabtohadi, J., & Wibisono, O. N. (2023). Export of crude nickel (Government of Indonesia vs European Union and WTO). Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i4.678.
  • Thio, H., & Lie, G. (2025). Analisis Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel terhadap Pembangunan Industri Smelter yang Memberikan Nilai Tambah bagi Indonesia dan Perdagangan Internasional. Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan, 9(4), 940-956. https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v9i4.11335.
  • Thomas, C. L., Nassar, N. T., & DeYoung, J. H. (2022). Assessing mineral supply concentration from different perspectives through a case study of zinc. Mineral Economics, 35(3–4), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00291-2.

Author Biographies

Danang Raihan Hendrartono, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Kota Surabaya, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia.

Ignatia Martha Hendrati, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Kota Surabaya, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia.

Wirya Wardaya, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Kota Surabaya, Provinsi Jawa Timur, Indonesia.

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Danang Raihan Hendrartono, Ignatia Martha Hendrati, Wirya Wardaya

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This is an open-access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation in any medium (even commercially), provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. Authors retain copyright without restrictions and grant the journal the right of first publication as well as non-exclusive publishing rights for archiving, indexing, and scholarly dissemination.

Downloads

OJS UsageStats Plugin
Download data is not yet available.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Contrimetric

Recommended Articles

Journal Transparency

Additional Information

Learn more about how this journal ensures quality, ethics, and transparency.