Abstract
This study examines the relationships between individual VUCA dimensions and the dimensions of the Marketing Mix 4P, as well as the relationship between the two second-order constructs. A quantitative survey was conducted among 123 owners and/or managers of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Jayapura City. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3 with a disjoint two-stage approach and 10,000 bootstrap subsamples. The first-order model tested 16 relationships between dimensions, while the second-order model examined the relationship between VUCA and the Marketing Mix 4P, both specified as formative constructs. Complexity was negatively associated with Product (β = −0.247; p = .002), whereas Ambiguity was positively associated with Product (β = 1.066; p < .001) and Price (β = 0.543; p < .001). The remaining 13 relationships were not significant at the 5% level. In the second-order model, VUCA was positively associated with the Marketing Mix 4P (β = 0.903; p < .001), with an R² of 0.815. These findings indicate that a significant composite-level relationship does not imply uniform relationships across dimensions. Interpretation accounts for limited discriminant validity between Ambiguity and Product and between Place and Promotion, the single-item measurement of Uncertainty, and the dominance of Ambiguity and Product in the composites. The study provides evidence of associations between environmental conditions and marketing practices in a sample concentrated in the food and beverage sector.
Keywords
Article Details
How to Cite
Citation FormatReferences
23 References- Albrecht, M. G., Green, M., & Hoffman, L. (2023). Principles of marketing. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/principles-marketing
- Alghamdi, O. A., & Agag, G. (2024). Competitive advantage: A longitudinal analysis of the roles of data-driven innovation capabilities, marketing agility, and market turbulence. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 76, 103547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103547
- Bennett, N., & Lemoine, G. J. (2014). What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world. Business Horizons, 57(3), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2014.01.001
- Day, G. S. (2011). Closing the marketing capabilities gap. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.75.4.183
- Donaldson, L. (2001). The contingency theory of organizations. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229249
- Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
- Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hiakbar, A., Hardilawati, W. L., & Sulistyandari. (2023). Analisis pengaruh VUCA environment terhadap kinerja bisnis angkringan di Pekanbaru. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Merdeka EMBA, 2(1), 78–92. https://jom.umri.ac.id/index.php/emba/article/view/844
- Hultman, M., & Oghazi, P. (2024). On the (in)effectiveness of standardized versus adapted international promotion strategies: Evidence from entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Business Research, 170, 114351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114351
- Kowalik, I., & Pleśniak, A. (2022). Marketing determinants of innovation ambidexterity in small and medium-sized manufacturers. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(2), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2022.100210
- Kowalik, I., Danik, L., & Pleśniak, A. (2022). Entrepreneurial marketing orientation of the Polish and Finnish SMEs and its environmental determinants. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(13), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-07-2021-0333
- Liozu, S. M., & Hinterhuber, A. (2013). CEO championing of pricing, pricing capabilities and firm performance in industrial firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(4), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.09.003
- MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
- Maulana, R., Alhidayatullah, & Setiadi, S. (2025). MSME sustainability strategy through the application of digital marketing and product innovation in the VUCA era: A study of SMEs in Sukabumi City. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 3(4), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.47353/ijema.v3i4.346
- Milliken, F. J. (1987). Three types of perceived uncertainty about the environment: State, effect, and response uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306502
- Nadhar, M. S., & Mahyus. (2025). Implementasi strategi bauran pemasaran dalam meningkatkan pengembangan program UMKM di Kecamatan Biringkanaya Kota Makassar. Socio-praxis Journal: Komunikasi, Publik, Bisnis, Fiskal, Perpustakaan dan Sains Informasi, 1(2), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.55638/sosiopraxis.v1i2.451
- Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3 [Perangkat lunak]. SmartPLS GmbH. https://www.smartpls.com
- Rofiah, S., Aji, A. A., & Kurniasanti, S. A. (2024). Strategi pemasaran manisan kering buah pala Barokah di era VUCA pada Home Industry Rizkia Desa Pesucen Kecamatan Kalipuro. Jurnal Javanica, 3(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.57203/javanica.v3i1.2024.14-24
- Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Cheah, J.-H., Becker, J.-M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(3), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.05.003
- Tarn, D. D. C., & Wang, J. (2023). Can data analytics raise marketing agility?–A sense-and-respond perspective. Information & Management, 60(2), 103743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2022.103743
- Wilden, R., & Gudergan, S. P. (2015). The impact of dynamic capabilities on operational marketing and technological capabilities: Investigating the role of environmental turbulence. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0380-y
- Yamanop, A. V. P., Wakarmamu, C. M., & Kobak, O. (2023). Penggunaan aplikasi digital oleh pelaku UMKM di Kota Jayapura Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan Daerah, 8(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.52062/keuda.v8i1.2850
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Iriando Wijaya, Mike Stevenson Tokoro, Isma Shalihi Ahlia, Fanny Kristin Tantyah Sitompul

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation in any medium (even commercially), provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated. Authors retain copyright without restrictions and grant the journal the right of first publication as well as non-exclusive publishing rights for archiving, indexing, and scholarly dissemination.
Downloads
OJS UsageStats PluginMost read articles by the same author(s)
- Model Penguatan Human Capital Berbasis Budaya Lokal Papua dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja dan Daya Saing UMKM di Kota Jayapura Fanny Sitompul, Musa Kris Payokwa, Isma Shalihi Ahlia, Iriando Wijaya · Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): NOVEMBER
Recommended Articles
Journal Transparency
Additional InformationLearn more about how this journal ensures quality, ethics, and transparency.