Analisis Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja pada Dua Proyek Gedung Menggunakan PLS-SEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35870/ljit.v4i2.8465Keywords:
labor productivity, building construction, PLS-SEM, worker health, material supply chainAbstract
The construction sector is a major contributor to Indonesia’s Gross Domestic Product, yet on-site labor productivity frequently deviates from plans prepared under the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This study analyzes the influence of five constructs, namely age-related individual capacity, equipment, health, weather, and material, on perceived labor productivity in two building projects with different functions: the Royal Medik Pratama Clinic in Gianyar, Bali and the PNM Branch Office in Surabaya, East Java. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was applied. The quantitative phase surveyed all 139 direct workers meeting the inclusion criteria (77 in the Clinic Project and 62 in the PNM Office Project) using a five-point Likert questionnaire analyzed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM); the qualitative phase comprised structured non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews with eight key informants. The measurement model met convergent validity (outer loading 0.824–0.964; AVE 0.759–0.857), internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.924–0.958; composite reliability 0.940–0.968), and discriminant validity (maximum HTMT 0.507). The structural model showed that all five constructs significantly affected productivity in each project (T-statistics > 1.96; p < 0.05), with health as the strongest positive driver (β = 0.403 and 0.360) and material as the construct with the largest absolute yet negative effect (β = –0.410 and –0.447). R² values of 0.578 and 0.525 indicate moderate explanatory power. Because both models were estimated separately without multi-group analysis, the results are read as an indication of a similar pattern rather than a comparison of coefficients across projects. The findings imply the importance of worker health management and material supply chain reliability.
Downloads
References
Annasthasya, D., Alfindoria, I., Rahayu, S., & Khair, O. I. (2025). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif: Tinjauan literatur dalam konteks pendidikan. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 3(7), 423–429.
Ardila-Cubillos, R., Durán-Prada, M., Vides-Martínez, K., & Mejía-Aguilar, G. (2024). Factors affecting labor productivity in the global construction industry: A critical review, classification and ranking. Scientia et Technica, 29(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.25546
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Indikator konstruksi triwulan II-2025.
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41, 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
Diana, V. S. (2022). Perbandingan produktivitas pekerja di lapangan dengan Permen PUPR 2022 pada Proyek Guest House Exindo 57 Kabupaten Nganjuk. Jurnal Extrapolasi, 19(1), 26–34.
Direktorat Jenderal Bina Konstruksi. (2025). Surat Edaran Direktur Jenderal Bina Konstruksi Nomor 182/SE/DK/2025 tentang tata cara penyusunan perkiraan biaya pekerjaan konstruksi bidang pekerjaan umum. Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat.
Fahirah, F., & Nirmala, N. (2023). Pengaruh pengalaman tenaga kerja terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja proyek konstruksi gedung bertingkat di Kota Palu. REKONSTRUKSI TADULAKO: Civil Engineering Journal on Research and Development, 4(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.22487/renstra.v4i1.544
Faradina, M. P., Sapitri, Elizar, & Dewi, S. H. (2022). Analisis produktivitas tenaga kerja pekerjaan pembesian dan bekisting serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Jurnal Saintis, 22(2), 59–68.
Faustine, C., & Waty, M. (2022). Peringkat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja pada proyek konstruksi. JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil, 5(3), 681–692.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Sharma, P. N., & Liengaard, B. D. (2024). Going beyond the untold facts in PLS-SEM and moving forward. European Journal of Marketing, 58(10), 81–106.
Han, S., Dong, L., Weng, Y., & Xiang, J. (2024). Heat exposure and productivity loss among construction workers: A meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24, 3252.
Hardiyanto, A. E., Sugiyarto, B., & Tugiono. (2024). Produktivitas kerja tukang dan pekerja memasang pasangan bata, plesteran, dan acian (Studi kasus Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Laboratorium Terintegrasi Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro). Scaffolding, 13(2), 91–101.
Ibrahim, A., Zayed, T., & Lafhaj, Z. (2024). Enhancing construction performance: A critical review of performance measurement practices at the project level. Buildings, 14, 1–42.
Jian, F., Liu, Q., Feng, C., Hu, Q., Yu, Q., & Guo, Q. (2025). Critical factors affecting construction labor productivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Buildings, 15, 2463.
Kurniawan, I., & Husin, A. E. (2023). Analisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam implementasi konsep green untuk peningkatan kinerja biaya menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). TEKNIK, 44(1), 57–69.
Kurtaliqi, F., Miltgen, C. L., Viglia, G., & Sohier, G. P. (2024). Using advanced mixed methods approaches: Combining PLS-SEM and qualitative studies. Journal of Business Research, 172, 114464.
Lee, T. Y., Ahmad, F., & Sarijari, M. A. (2023). Current status and future research trends of construction labor productivity monitoring: A bibliometric review. Buildings, 13, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061479
Loekito, I. P., Dani, H., Zulfikar, A. R., Triarso, A., & Prasetyono, P. N. (2025). Factors influencing construction worker productivity in Indonesia and strategies for improvement. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 1–10.
Mukti, B. H. (2025). Sample size determination: Principles and applications for health research. Health Sciences International Journal, 3, 127–143. https://doi.org/10.71357/hsij.v3i1.63
Niu, M., & Leicht, R. M. (2024). Evaluating the safety climate in construction projects: A longitudinal mixed-methods study. Buildings, 14, 4070.
Pradhana, R. D., Trianto, A., & Fansuri, M. H. (2025). Literature review: Factors affecting labor productivity in the construction sector. Journal of Civil Engineering and Planning, 6(1), 2746–6299.
Pratama, A. A., Handoyo, S., & Susila, H. (2022). Evaluasi keterlambatan pekerjaan tanah pada Proyek SMP Negeri 3 Kartasura. Journal of Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Technology, 1(1).
Qi, K., Owusu, E. K., Siu, M.-F. F., & Chan, A. P.-C. (2024). A systematic review of construction labor productivity studies: Clustering and analysis through hierarchical latent dirichlet allocation. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15, 102896.
Salsabila, I., Meiliani, D., Maharani, S., & Lubis, R. N. (2025). Desain penelitian studi kasus. Jurnal Arjuna: Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Matematika, 3(3), 245–254.
Silalahi, Y. I., Masthura, L., & Fahriana, N. (2023). Analisis faktor-faktor penentu keberhasilan proyek konstruksi berdasarkan mutu, biaya dan waktu. Jurnal Komposit: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Teknik Sipil, 7(2), 233–239.
Subhaktiyasa, P. G. (2024). Menentukan populasi dan sampel: Pendekatan metodologi penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 9, 2721–2731.
Sugiyono. (2023). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (2nd ed.). Alfabeta.
Tajik, O., Golzar, J., & Noor, S. (2024). Purposive sampling. International Journal of Education and Language Studies, 1–9.
Utari, R. P., Wahyudiono, S., Amal, A. S., & Ardian, L. (2025). Cost and time control using the earned value concept (EVM) method: Case study of Ahmad Dahlan Hospital Development Project, Kediri. G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan, 9(4), 2229–2239. https://doi.org/10.70609/g-tech.v9i4.8132
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Domi Saptya Renova Hadi, Hanifah Diah Ika Putri, Sulianto Sulianto, Rini Pebri Utari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Copyright Retention and Open Access License
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal non-exclusive right of first publication under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
This license allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2. Rights Granted Under CC BY 4.0
Under this license, readers are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use
- No additional restrictions — the licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as license terms are followed
3. Attribution Requirements
All uses must include:
- Proper citation of the original work
- Link to the Creative Commons license
- Indication if changes were made to the original work
- No suggestion that the licensor endorses the user or their use
4. Additional Distribution Rights
Authors may:
- Deposit the published version in institutional repositories
- Share through academic social networks
- Include in books, monographs, or other publications
- Post on personal or institutional websites
Requirement: All additional distributions must maintain the CC BY 4.0 license and proper attribution.
5. Self-Archiving and Pre-Print Sharing
Authors are encouraged to:
- Share pre-prints and post-prints online
- Deposit in subject-specific repositories (e.g., arXiv, bioRxiv)
- Engage in scholarly communication throughout the publication process
6. Open Access Commitment
This journal provides immediate open access to all content, supporting the global exchange of knowledge without financial, legal, or technical barriers.
